Stylolites - Greek Essay Example for Free

Stylolites Greek Essay Stylolites are irregular discontinuity or non structural fractures which are found in limestone plus other sedimentary rocks. Stylolites come from compaction and pressure solution during the process of diagenesis and it might be blown up by subsequent groundwater flow. Stylolites most of the time comes into view as uneven discontinuities in the outcrops along with hand samples and they are frequently lined up with clays which are quite impossible to solve, opaque and dim organic matter. The phrase stylolite originated right from the Greek for pillar, ‘stylo’ (Paul 19). A stylolite is not a structural fracture even though they have been described as a structure of anti crack whereby both sides are moving together instead of moving apart. Proof exists in the structure of fossiliferous limestones in which the fossils crosscut by a stylolite and it is said that only one of the half still exists. The other half has already been dissolved away. Stylolites in one way or the other might be an important geologic feature which affects the reservoir quality and most probably the reservoir management in a good number of carbonate reservoirs. Emaciated, discontinuous paved zones which are connected with stylolites take place in the massive, soaring porosity dolomites of the Upper Smackover at Jay/LEC Field and they are actually the source of horizontal baffles to perpendicular flow suspected ever since the early days of production in combination with the corroboration by full field reservoir performance studies. It is important for the thin, perpendicular flow baffles to match historical water flood arrivals in both full field plus a little area simulation modeling that led to the wide spreading re-examination of the core and recognition of these formerly undetected cemented zones connected with stylolites. Field wide conventional coring provides an outstanding foundation database for describing the physical nature, circulation of stylolites and the most related cements. In the ontong Java Plateau chalk sediments mechanical compaction actually causes a porosity decline from let us say 70% to 50% in the topmost 600 m. mudstones together with wackestones they tend to have comparable porosity for the reason that the wall cavity of the microfossils add up in the same way to pore-space and to the solid phase. The original pore filling cementation might be interconnected to the occurrence of the primary stylolites at approximately 830 m together with a decrease in massive sediment. Temperature is in the region of 20%C and valuable burial stress 6 MPa (Paris 79). Stylolites might derive in primary diffuse green bands which are enriched in smectite chlorite, most probably those of volcanic origin. The bands are replaced approximately below 490 m by supplementary distinct flaser structures that are enriched in smectite. The commencement of pressure dissolution consequently corresponds to an interval of diminishing mechanical compaction. Below 790 m the chalk consists of biogenic opal-A, nevertheless the opal-CT increasingly it takes over 790 m and most probably below 1130 m quartz becomes the only silica phase. This process coincides with the cementation frontage, beneath which depth pore-filling calcite cementation makes porosity to go down. Silica-Ca complexes in the pore water might not become stable when the high temperature and age cause quartz to turn out to be the most established silica phase. The pore filing cementation tends to load microfossils completely with the intention that textual differences are at the present clearly visible on the porosity log. The stylolite bears a chalk of the Gorm field, the Central North Sea, porosity is 20%-40%, lower than OJP chalk however it is higher than OJP limestone. The variation is reflecting cementation of microfossils while the matrix porosity is comparable to the OJP chalk. The variation between OJP and it is not possible to explain Gorm field chalk alone by the early introduction of hydrocarbons, which does not exactly give an explanation of the cementation of microfossils. Nevertheless, another cause might be the excessive pressure in the chalk of the Central North Sea whereby the percentage amongst the temperature and effective burial stress far above the ground. Silica most probably has the equilibrated to quartz before stylolites exhibited so that calcite cementation was not held back at all by the silica diagenesis (Bradbury 197). Stylolites were observed during the Hampovica-6 well and they have been shaped in a stress field which tends to act homogeneously in excess of a long period of time without reactivating older, pre-existing fracture systems. Alongside the strike, they tend to cut off all the planes of different discontinuities, bedding together with fractures from the axial plane. Through the aforementioned statement, it shows that the stylolites were created after the final tectonic configuration of the structure which was presently in the well. That is to say, the two sets of dissimilar deformations point towards the two events of the similar compression that is confined to a small area in the part of limestone of the aforementioned well only. The reality is that in the other rock samples which are examined from this well they originate from more shallow and deeper parts than this interval, neither the stylolitization nor the significant structural deformations have been clearly observed. Slight thoughtfulness is given to the interior structure of the stone. They have written very few about the influence of stylolites, a most important parameter, as a way which is used to choose an appropriate stone, to forecast its outcome on applications plus their performance thereafter, not to talk about using stylolites as a analytic tool already during prospecting for stone deposits. This disrespect resulted in defaults more especially within limestone slabs and strips with pre-existing discontinuities into the stone just similar to stylolites. Very similar it applies to installation defaults for instance the proper attachment and prevention of slabs breaking for the duration of processing, installation, or even after placing. In point of fact, litigations and complaints within the stone sector concern floor coverings which contains problematic stylolites associated with cutting with-the bed, tripping, slipping and tentative accidents. In some sense the industry can be held responsible for this state of affairs, from the lack of geotechnical awareness to stylolites during mining and prospection at the quarries. Attention taken to possible defaults gives the quarry owner or stone supplier knowledge with a good understanding of the deposit and eventually it ensures satisfaction to customers (Bradbury 213). As a matter of fact, stylolites are mainly found in so many rock types together with sandstones, to slighter extent igneous rocks plus other deposits metamorphosed to a variety of degrees. On the other hand, limestones and dolomites are used in building and construction which forms the major group affected by the presence of stylolites more especially the stones that are having higher pure calcareous content. The stylolitic limestones are important in ornamental and decorative uses, marketed as marble. At present the nation is using stylolitic limestone for business purposes. They are used for making ornaments. The behaviors of stone materials are traced to conditions throughout the origin of the rock and to the tectonic appearance of the rock mass. The quarry investigations and laboratory capacity have then to be associated with the limestone applications in building frontages or pavements. Even though the general mechanical properties might be accepted, the very natural properties which are foot printed during genesis or those that are caused by the historical tectonic discontinuities might at times let people down during or after the stone application. The earliest examination of the stone material for possible disorders actually prevents default. It needs the understanding of the stylolites, a structural examination of the quarry beds to search for discontinuities, to prevent excessive tectonic stylolites to smoothen the progress of commercial block extraction. It applies to figuring out cutting direction to decrease the stratigraphic stylolites rate (Dean 117). Conclusion Inconclusive negotiations about the origin and the formation of stylolites have always been and they are still going on for more than a century at present. It does not sound academic but an extensive literature is readily available on stylolites whereby petite attempt has been made in which data is applied to the dimension stone industry. Apart from the significance of stylolites for descriptive purposes, the compulsory petrograhic examination standards, vertical and stylolites might be used to show the quality of the stone, when the subject to dynamic loading is on floors or pavements. Finally, at present people notice the presence of stylolites in areas subjected to tectonic actions and observed facts must be accepted as fundamentally right. Works Cited Bradbury, H. Fluid flow in the crust: an example from a Pyrenean thrust ramp. American Journal of Science (288):1988, 197-235. Dean, S. Structural chronology. West Virginia: southeastern printers, 1988. Paris, B. Stylolites: Their Nature and Origin: Their Nature and Origin. India: Indiana University, 1921. Paul, D. Microdynamics Simulation. Georgia: Springer Publishers, 2008.

Imagery in The Tempest, by William Shakespeare Essays -- Tempest essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's play The Tempest utilizes extensive imagery which goes beyond merely creating atmosphere and background or emphasizing the major themes of the play. The supernatural plays a considerable role in the play, thus so does the use of imagery, which is more extensive and somewhat different from many other of Shakespeare's works. The imagery is used as a mediator of supernatural powers, to emphasize the natural scene of action, and establish the enchanted island which becomes vivid through such a wealth of single features and of concrete touches. Therefore throughout the play imagery serves a much larger role than creating atmosphere, and is actually involved in most aspects of the play.    In The Tempest, the actual catastrophe is at the beginning, and not at the end or in the middle of the play. And everything derives and develops from this beginning. Thus the images in this first scene that act as links with the previous events have not the function of preparing what is to come; they are rather a reminiscence, or an afterthought, they keep awake our remembrance of what has happened. The manner in which an actual event, by means of the imagery, pervades and overcasts the whole play is a good instance of Shakespeare's technique, sometimes employed by him in his later plays, of transforming frequently used symbolic imagery into actual incident.    The "sea-storm" lingering in our memory, together with the recollection of wind, water and conflicting elements, thus constitutes one of the main streams of imagery which, from the second scene onwards, flow through the play. In the second scene, we are still under the impression of what we have witnessed just before; and, accordin... ...      The examination of the imagery in The Tempest showed how vividly, sensuously and precisely this nature-world was represented. As we have already said, this concreteness and realness; conveyed through the imagery, constitutes a counterpart to the world of the supernatural in this play. The supernatural, in being based on firm reality, gains probability and convincing power.       Bibliography    Shakespeare, W. The Tempest. Ed. Sutherland, J.R. (1990)    G. Wilson Knight, (1932) The Shakespearean Tempest, Oxford    Elizabeth Holmes, (1976) Aspects of Elizabethan Imagery, Oxford    Mikhail M. Morozor, (1989)"The Individualization of Shakespeare's Characters through Imagery", Shakespeare Survey.    Kenneth Goddard, "Imagery and Drama" (1992) University Journal    B. Thompson, (1995) Notes on The Tempest

Nike Position Paper

Nike Position Paper In our prevalent society today, there is an intricate debate between boycotting and supporting many different transnational corporations such as Nike, Inc. It has been inferred that Nike breaches multiple human rights acts and workplace violations. Dissidently, Nike’s total net income is 273. 4 billion dollars and their annual revenue adds up to approximately 19 billion dollars. This concludes that global citizens are more than voluntary to purchase their merchandise and endorse their business. Nike is involved in several environmental projects such as building athletic courts out of recycled shoes and their â€Å"air pockets† in numerous models of sport sneakers use nitrogen instead of SF6, which is a greenhouse gas. Nike also has â€Å"green† events associated with The Green Project of Long Island in New York State. Nike manufactures in over 30 countries and sells in over 160, with about 36,000 employees’ total. They also have rights to Hurley International and Nike invests in professional athletes to promote their goods. Nike has dynamic and monumental marketing skills that influence our generation conspicuously. In correlation, multinational business’ pay acceptable wages to workers because they have an innumerable amount of expenses unseen by most people. Corporations have significant distribution and tariff expenses bringing their products to market. Furthermore, transnationals’ pay acceptable wages given that profit margins are not as great as people may assume. Competition between producers is so fierce that profits for 214 companies in 1999 were limited to an average of 8. 3%. A wage premium is also applied where wages are 40% to 100% greater than the average rate in many developing countries. It has been fathomed that Nike violates labor laws. But, anti-globalization people often distort the truth on this topic, as in the case of the fake German documentary film against Ikea. It has also been acquiesced that corporations exploit their workers. It is valid that employees’ work long hours, but a New York Times article indicated that the workers do this willingly because this allows them to make more money than they might be able to earn otherwise. Mass business’ such as Nike, constitute investment and the increased export income improves a country’s equilibrium of payment, introduces otherwise unavailable goods and services that are essential for diversifying production, and stimulates local entrepreneurship by subcontracting to local industries and enhancing competition. â€Å"You don’t win silver, you lose gold,† is a famous Nike quote that has much controversy behind it, as do many business affairs pertaining to this iconic corporation. While workers in Indonesia are being paid around 21,000 dollars a year for a myriad amount of hours of hard labor in one day, one of Nike’s promotional athletes, NBA player Kobe Bryant, is being paid over 500,000 dollars a week to bounce a ball around. Workers are told to sign a contract which removes all their rights, they are typically fired by the age of 35, and Safety & Health Administration has found more than 1000 plus violations. Irrevocably, there are two definitive positions of transnational corporations. They have an agglomeration of flaws, but none that can be condemned irremediable. You hear a different opinion from each worker, each newspaper and each monopoly spokesperson. To ostracize such a beneficial asset to our economy would be asinine. People are kept off the streets, with paying jobs, and are making a contribution to society one shoe at a time.

English Films Essay

It was an unpromising period for the British film industry, the World War II (WWI). With its outburst on the third of September 1939, â€Å"all cinemas in Britain, along with other such venues as theatres and sports arenas, were closed† 5. However, when the cinemas reopened and the films started to reproduce, some of the notable works were that of McAllister and Jennings. McAllister was viewed to have â€Å"symbolic† approach while Jennings was â€Å"articulating a robust Socialist patriotism, a full-blooded love of England and the English centred on an unashamed admiration for the qualities of the common man,† 6 a very suitable theme during those periods. During the phase approaching 1960s however, English films portraying the â€Å"English working life† 7 in a realistic approach started some production and popularity. Currently, what suits the public and what satisfies them are films related to society, politics and culture: the three common aspects of humanity where anyone can almost relate with. One satirical and famous English celebrity for this is Mike Leigh. What does the aforementioned themes in the film production suggest? This means that a film must coincide with events and societal demands as well as the requirements of regulatory bodies behind it. At present in Great Britain, English films must be approved by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) which is an independent, non-governmental body responsible for classification of cinema films beginning 1912 and the regulation of videos since the Video Recordings Act passage in 1984 8. Some of the rules administered by the Board is to ensure that violence, crime, foul nature, criminal behaviour, illegal drugs, horror and sex, as well as videos teaching criminal techniques in the films are closely examined and must not be shown to inappropriate audiences, especially to the children as mandated by various legislations the likes of Obscene Publications Act or the Protection of Children Act 9. In the past three years, 2005 until last year, the Board has made seven, ten and five cuts, respectively, on all the movies that passed through the inspection. 10 Aside from the previously mentioned set of rules and regulations for the films, another thing that must be well thought-out before producing films are the subjects that the national government is promoting and supporting, or, in another case, what that government is banning. This is obvious as what the government wants (or does not want) to be shown in public, thus they subsidize and/or reduce taxes for some films while others are not shown at all. In fact, government tactics in film propaganda was already rampant since the WWII to support what they want to convey such as the production in 1941 of â€Å"The Big Blockade, a feature-length propaganda film dramatizing the activities of the Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW),† 11 a peculiar film, mixing stylized reconstructions of life in Europe, newsreel, and a barrage of information on the vital importance of MEW, At present the British government has the UK Film Council to support the production of films the government encourages. There are eight kinds of funds available for the program such as development fund, new cinema, festival, international festival sales and support, premiere, prints and advertising, short film completion and film publication fund. 12 In a way to promote the national lottery together with the films it funds, the UK Film council was created and it is funded from national lottery funds. It is currently the richest funding film body with approximately 38 million sterling pounds in budget. 13

Why Squirrel Monkeys dont make good Pets

Why Squirrel Monkeys dont make good Pets Free Online Research Papers Imagine this, your sitting on the coach, watching TV, and a cute furry animal pops up in front of you. Are you wondering what the cutest, shyest, and most common animal in the jungles of Central and South America is? If you answered a squirrel monkey, you are correct. It is a fact that they don’t make good house pets, and simply put, they will never adapt to living in a home. The closest it will get to be a pet will be after 1-2 years of training, with a lot of space and the proper diet. Monkeys may look cute and cuddly, but it takes a lot of work to take care of them. After humans, they are the most intelligent animals on Earth. However, they often bite and are very territorial, so if they feel in danger, they will most likely get aggressive. This means it will take longer to tame them. It usually takes about 2 years for a monkey to start getting used to an indoor home. So you need to be very patient if you want a squirrel monkey, or any monkey for that matter. It a squirrel monkey doesn’t get enough space, it wont be happy, and upsetting it is the last thing you want to do. The only way for it to have enough space is to get a big enough cage, which includes the following items: at least 2 trees to sleep, climb, and jump from one to the other. Also, the cage needs food and water, a heater to maintain a warm temperature, and a cozy floor to avoid having the monkey scratch itself. Be careful with the bars of the cages, because they could be sharp and hurt the animal. A monkey’s skin is very sensitive. Monkeys need a many different types of food each day in order to satisfy their nutritional requirements to avoid getting sick and possibly dying. You need to give them commercial primate food mixed with fruits, cooked or raw vegetables, seeds, nuts, wheat bread, boiled eggs, and insects such as grasshoppers. It will take a lot of your time just to look for what they need. You can easily compare a squirrel monkey to a spoiled child because it will always get what it wants, or you will suffer the consequences, because it will get sick. Once a monkey is sick, that means more work for its owner. Unlike other animals, baby squirrel monkeys are usually carried on the mothers back for the first few months after they are born. The breeding season is in spring, and a squirrel monkey couple can only have one baby per season. Try to keep baby monkeys away from small children because they bite at that small ages, and if a child is bitten, he or she will cry and scare the baby monkey. If the monkey is scared it will go crazy. In conclusion, squirrel monkeys are hard to take care of, so only get one if you are patient and can fully satisfy their needs. If you think Im trying to persuade you not to get one, you’re right, not just because of the tremendous care they require, but also because they are an endangered species, and their numbers are being threatened by taking them as house pets. Do yourself and Mother Nature a favor: get a cat or a dog instead. Thank you for your time. Research Papers on Why Squirrel Monkeys don't make good PetsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Spring and AutumnGenetic EngineeringThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Hockey GameNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceLifes What Ifs19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Hip-Hop is Art

Why There is No Such Thing as a Vegan

Why There is No Such Thing as a Vegan An odd criticism of veganism seems to be there is no such thing as a vegan, or vegans kill animals. A popular but misleading infographic points out the many ways, obvious and not so obvious, that animal products are used in common consumer goods. But the creator of the infographic misunderstands what veganism is, and how easy it is to avoid many animal products. What is Veganism? Contrary to what some people think, veganism is not about being absolutely 100 percent pure and free of animal products. Veganism is about minimizing harm to other animals and avoiding animal products as much as possible. What does this mean? Vegan blogger Mylene of My Face is on Fire writes: Is it possible in this overwhelmingly speciesist world to live a life that is 100% free of the use of animal products? Of course not. Does this mean that its OK to sneak in the occasional chicken wing for kicks and still call yourself a vegan? Again, of course not. But veganism is a lifestyle thats the hands-on application of an ethical framework where every single day you need to inform yourself so that you can assess situations and make the proper choices. Hidden Animal Products Vegans know about avoiding meat, fish, dairy, honey, gelatin, leather, wool, suede, fur, feathers and silk. At a minimum, people who call themselves vegans avoid these products. But being vegan means more than simply changing ones dietary habits. Its also a lifestyle. So vegans also avoid circuses, rodeos, zoos and other industries whose prime purpose is animal exploitation. Some other animal products are not so obvious, and some are considered unavoidable. Below is just a partial list. Agriculture: Any kind of agriculture, even farms growing fruits and vegetables, displace wildlife. Forests that were once home to songbirds, insects, squirrels, deer, wolves and mice are converted in order to produce commercial crops. Commercial farms kill crop-eating animals (labeled pests) with natural and chemical insecticides, traps and gunfire. Even organic farms shoot deer, kill moles with traps and employ natural pesticides. Farms also commonly use fertilizer made from bone meal, fish meal, manure and other animal products.Bug parts in food: Because it is nearly impossible to harvest, process and package food without some contamination from mouse feces, rat hair or insect parts, the FDA allows small amounts of these animal products in food. Have you ever had an old bag of flour suddenly sprout bugs? Its not spontaneous generation. Those insect eggs were in the flour all along, and the FDA regulates the amount of these insect parts in our food. According to CBS News, an FDA spo kesperson says when these levels are exceeded, FDA can and will take regulatory action immediately if any disease-causing microbes are present. Shellac, beeswax, and casein on fruits and vegetables: Shellac is a resin harvested from the lac beetle. While the beetle does not need to be killed in order to harvest the shellac, some beetles are inevitably killed or injured in the shellac collection process. Most people associate the word shellac with furniture, but it can be used as wax to coat fruits and vegetables, and is disguised in candy as confectioners glaze. Beeswax, which comes from bees, is also used to preserve fruits and vegetables and delay rot. Casein, a milk product, is used in wax to coat fruits and vegetables. The wax can also be vegetable-based. The FDA requires a label or sign to identify fruits and vegetables that have been coated with wax but does not require the label to state whether the wax is of animal or vegetable origin.Cars and insects: Everyone who drives knows that hitting insects is an inevitable fact of life. People tend to think of it as insects hitting car windshields, but cars are hitting and k illing insects everywhere. Tires, rubber, paint, glue, and plastics: Because rubber, paint and plastic products are not foods, manufacturers are not required to disclose the ingredients. However, these products often contain chemicals and additives that originate from animals. Paint, glue and other chemicals often contain animal products. Shellac, as explained above, comes from insects.Consumer products in general: Aside from the known animal ingredients in various products, consumption kills animals in the form of farming, mining, drilling and pollution. Whether buying products made of wood, metal, plastic, rubber, or plants, the manufacture and harvesting of these products take habitat away from wildlife. The energy used in manufacturing the products, as well as the packaging, often pollutes the environment. When those products are thrown away, they end up in a landfill, perhaps being buried or incinerated. Some will end up in waterways, the air, and in the soil, affecting human health as well as animal heal th and the environment. Medical Issues  Sometimes vegans need medication. Premarin, a hormone replacement therapy, uses the urine of pregnant mares who are confined in deplorable conditions. There are other HRTs, but women need to research to find those, if any, that are cruelty-free. And keep in mind that although the final product is labeled â€Å"no animal testing,† the individual ingredients that went into the making of that product may have been tested on animals. The CDC is pushing Americans more than ever to get their flu shots. Flu shots are not only created in fertilized chicken eggs but contain proteins from the eggs themselves. Formaldehyde is used to create a chemical reaction to pull those proteins together. Some medicines necessary for high blood pressure or other health problems may contain animal parts or are encapsulated in gel-caps made of gelatin, which is made from animal bone, skin and ligaments. The purpose of discussing hidden animal products and the many ways in which all humans kill animals is not to discourage veganism or to make veganism seem impossible. The purpose is for vegans to strive for minimal harm to other animals while realizing that eliminating every last animal product on the market is impossible. Vegans can work on ways to make car tires without animal products, try to buy unwaxed fruit or grow fruit and consume less in general. This article has been edited and updated by Michelle A. Rivera

Cultural Incomprehension between Europeans and Native Americans in the Essay

Cultural Incomprehension between Europeans and Native Americans in the Colonial Context - Essay Example It is usual for European explorers to use casually terms like "wilderness" and "unknown" to describe homelands of native people. In fact, these regions were the real milieu of Native American homes with their adjoining gardens and hunting lands. The journey of the Europeans and their entourage, bearing the massive inventory of the expedition could not have completed the mission without the co-operation and support of the natives. It is highly doubtful whether they would have survived in the rugged and hostile terrain without heavily relaying on the expertise of the natives for whom it was their home. The wealth of vital topographic knowledge about rivers, streams, hills, and passages might have been invaluable logistic support on their itinerary. Though they co-operated both Europeans and the natives may not have understood the full implications of the unfolding drama. There are plethoras of motives that goad explorers to brave the tumultuous waves of perilous oceans, to confront the dusty heat waves of the desert and to scale the precipitous cliffs. Nevertheless, social historians have narrowed down the motives of the men to the inordinate craving for gold, God and glory. Those who went for the mundane lure of wealth may not have much reflected on the experience of their contact with the alien people. However, the missionaries who went out to save souls might have been shocked at the sight of natives whose ways were totally unacceptable. They dumped the natives as heathens: The attitudes of BFM missionaries toward American Indian manifestations of heathenism were thus unremittingly ethnocentric. These Presbyterians could see nothing worth preserving in the rich and varied Indian cultures they entered (Coleman 80). Many Europeans failed to grasp the close link between health, environmental concerns and cosmology. As Kupperman observed such concept was also prevalent in England and France. (Kupperman 2000). It is somewhat surprising as medical theories in many European societies then, also took into consideration the relation between morality and well being and sometimes attributed illness to witchcraft While the attitude of the early missionaries were one of disgust at the sight of the savage practices of the natives, early diplomat-explorer could experience a sense of kinship with the savage chiefs. George Percy speaks of his first sight of a Powhatan werowance in 1607 as follows:His body was painted all with Crimson, with a chaine of Beads about his necke, his face painted blew, besprinkled with silver Ore as wee thought, his eares all behung with fine Copper or Gold, he entertained us in so modest a proud fashion, as though he had beene a Prince of Civil government, holding his countenance without laughter or any such ill behavior. (Bragdon 38) Kupperman (Kupperman 2000,63) has pointed out, Percy, himself a nobleman understood the nobility of the native but was unwilling to give much importance to his political stature. The range of the Indians was mainly in their land and their interaction with other cultures was minimal. The Europeans on the other hand with their spirit of expansion and lure for gold and